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78 graded passages with Pinyin, audio & quizzes

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Phrases by situation, with pinyin & audio

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Chinese Grammar: "written style" | HaoHSK

HSK Grammar/#written style

#written style

121 grammar points related to "written style", organised by HSK 3.0 and HSK 2.0 level.

HSK Grammar · HSK 3.067 grammar points

HSK 4 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

无论…都/也…Structure 无论…都/也… (wúlùn... dōu/yě...): Regardless of... always...Regardless of... always... (formal version of 不管)
由于Preposition/Conjunction 由于 (Due to / Owing to / Because of)Due to, because of (objective cause, formal style)

HSK 5 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

既…又…

Related topics

conjunctions
fixed structures
adverbs
prepositions
cause & effect
verbs
degree
conditions
progression

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Correlative Structure 既……又…… – Both... And...

Formal correlative pair joining two parallel attributes

凡是…都…Total Inclusivity Structure 凡是……都…… – Any / All Without ExceptionStructure expressing complete universality without exception

以…为…Structure 以…为… (yǐ... wéi...): Take... as... / Regard... as...Take N1 as N2; regard N1 as N2

然而 / 而 / 则Formal Conjunctions 然而 / 而 / 则 (rán'ér / ér / zé): However / While / Whereas然而: however; 而: while/and; 则: whereas/on the other hand

是否Formal Adverb 是否 (shìfǒu): Whether or notWhether or not (formal equivalent of 是不是)

不仅…而且…Structure 不仅…而且… (bùjǐn... érqiě...): Not only... but also...Not only... but also... (formal progressive)

一方面…另一方面…Structure 一方面…另一方面…: On the one hand... on the other hand...On the one hand..., on the other hand...

HSK 6 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

以便Conjunction 以便 (yǐbiàn) – in order to, so as to, so thatso as to, in order that, so that
以免Conjunction 以免 (yǐmiǎn) – so as to avoid, lest, in order not toso as to avoid, lest, in order not to
凭借Preposition 凭借 (píngjiè) – relying on, by virtue of, on the strength ofrelying on, by virtue of, thanks to
借以Conjunction 借以 (jièyǐ) – so as to, by way of which, in order thereby toso as thereby to, in order to
鉴于Preposition 鉴于 (jiànyú) – in view of, seeing that, given thatin view of, seeing that, given that
介于Preposition 介于 (jièyú) – between, ranging between, situated betweenbetween, lying between
据 / 据说 / 据悉据 / 据说 / 据悉 – according to, it is said that, it is reported thataccording to, reportedly, it is said
万分 / 格外 / 分外Degree Adverbs 万分 / 格外 / 分外 (wànfēn / géwài / fènwài)extremely, exceptionally, doubly
与其说……不如说……Structure 与其说 A 不如说 B – not so much A as Bnot so much A as B, rather B than A
一经……就……Once / As soon as: 一经……就…… (yījīng…jiù…)Once / As soon as (formal)
倘若 / 假若 / 假使……Formal "If / Supposing": 倘若 / 假若 / 假使If / Supposing / Provided that (formal/literary)
何尝 / 何曾Rhetorical Adverbs: 何尝 / 何曾 (hécháng / hécéng)When did... ever / Hardly not (rhetorical affirmation/negation)
仿佛 / 好似 / 犹如Literary Similes: 仿佛 / 好似 / 犹如 (fǎngfú / hǎosì / yóurú)As if / Just like / Resembling (literary similes)
四字格作状语/定语Four-Character Idioms as Adverbials / Attributives4-char phrase + 地 + V (adverbial) / 4-char phrase + 的 + N (attributive)
结构助词「之」Literary Structural Particle: 之 (zhī)Of / 's (formal written equivalent of 的)
结构助词「所」Structural Particle: 所 (suǒ) in Formal WritingThat which / What is [V]-ed (nominalizer / formal modifier marker)
结构助词「者」Nominalizing Suffix/Particle: 者 (zhě) — One Who / That WhichPerson who / One that (turns V/Adj/phrase into a noun)
致使Formal Causative Verb: 致使 (zhìshǐ) — Cause / Lead to (Negative Result)Cause [an object/party] to suffer (an undesirable result)
总而言之 / 综上所述 / 总之In Conclusion / To Sum Up: 总而言之 / 综上所述 / 总之In short (总之) / In a word (总而言之) / To sum up the above (综上所述)
据此 / 由此 / 由此可见Based on This / From This / Thus It Can Be Seen: 据此 / 由此 / 由此可见Based on this (据此) / From this (由此) / Thus it can be seen (由此可见)

HSK 7-9 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

之Classical Particle: 之 (zhī) – Written Particle, Pronoun & Fixed FormulasClassical particle denoting concise modification/possession, object pronoun, or fixed idioms
其Classical Pronoun: 其 (qí) – Third-Person Possessive & Written CompoundsFormal third-person possessive pronoun and lexical formative in written Chinese
所Nominalization Structure: 所 + V – "That Which / What Is Done"Classical nominalizing structure converting a verb phrase into the objective focus of discourse
为…所…Formal Passive Voice: 为...所... (wéi...suǒ...) – "To Be [V-ed] by..."Classical formal passive construction indicating that the subject is acted upon by an agent
而Classical Conjunction: 而 (ér) – Coordination, Contrast & Compound ConnectorsVersatile classical conjunction connecting adjectives, verb phrases, or clauses in formal prose
随着/沿着/凭着Prepositional 着-Compounds: 随着, 沿着, 朝着, 凭着, 借着, 趁着, 接着Disyllabic prepositions formed with 着 denoting concomitant progression, trajectory, or reliance
起来Figurative 起来: Sensory Evaluation, Retrospection & Discourse MarkersGrammaticalized directional complement marking evaluative viewpoint, recall, or discourse transition
久而久之/总之/反之/换言之Discourse Formulae with 之: 久而久之, 总之, 反之, 换言之System of crystallized idiomatic connectors containing classical 之 for argumentative transitions
凡/凡是/但凡Universal Quantifiers: 凡, 凡是 & Minimal Condition 但凡Universal quantifiers and minimal conditional markers used in statutory, regulatory, and argumentative texts
据/根据/依据/按照/依照Basis & Conformance Prepositions: 据, 根据, 依据, 按照, 依照Prepositional system distinguishing information sources, statutory grounds, or regulatory compliance
何以/何况/何尝/何必/何不Rhetorical Adverbs with 何: 何以, 何况, 何尝, 何必, 何不Classical rhetorical question adverbs expressing emphatic assertion, a fortiori contrast, or gentle admonition
颇/甚/极/至Classical Degree Adverbs: 颇, 甚, 极, 至 in Formal ProseQuartet of classical degree adverbs expressing nuanced tiers of high to absolute extreme intensity
是…所…的Formal Emphatic Nominalization "是…所…的"Is that which (someone) V-s
万一/倘若/假使/设若Formal Hypothetical Conjunctions: 万一, 倘若, 假使, 设若Just in case / Provided that / Supposing that
鉴于Formal Causal Conjunction "鉴于" (In View Of / Given That)In view of / Given that / Considering
以致/以至/以至于Result & Degree Conjunctions: 以致, 以至, 以至于 (So Much So That)With the bad result that / To the extent that
进而/从而Progressive vs. Consecutive Conjunctions: 进而 vs. 从而And then go on to / Thereby (as a result)
化/性/度Productive Derivational Suffixes: 化 (-ize/-ification), 性 (-ity/-ness), 度 (Degree)-ize/-ification / -ity/-ness / degree
不堪/不已/不至于Literary Degree Constructions: Adj + 不堪, V + 不已, 不至于 + VUtterly (wretched) / Unceasingly / Not go so far as to
不如/不及/比不上/胜过Advanced Comparative Constructions: 不如, 不及, 比不上, 胜过 / 远胜于Not as good as / Fall short of / Surpass
务必/必将/势必/必定/想必High-Modality Adverbs of Certainty & Necessity: 务必, 必将, 势必, 必定, 想必Must without fail / Will surely / Inevitably / Presumably
受到/遭到/遭受Formal Lexical Passives: 受到, 遭到, 遭受, 得到 + Abstract NounReceive / Suffer (attack/penalty) / Sustain (heavy loss)
传闻引语「据说/据悉/据透露」Reporting & Hearsay Markers: 据说 / 据悉 / 据透露 / 据介绍It is said (据说) / It is learned (据悉) / According to disclosures (据透露) / As introduced (据介绍)
并列结构「既…又/时而…时而」Coexistence vs. Alternation: 既…又… / 时而…时而… / 一会儿…一会儿…Both A and B (既…又…) / At times A, at times B (时而…时而… / 一会儿…一会儿…)
感叹句「多么/何其/真是」Exclamatory Constructions: 多么…啊 / 何其 / 真是How [Adj]! (多么…啊 — general; 何其 — literary/philosophical; 真是 — sincere evaluation)
「以…起见」目的结构For the Sake of: 以 / 为……起见 (yǐ / wèi…qǐjiàn)For the sake of / In the interest of (safety, convenience, caution, fairness)
「乃/乃至/甚至」递进文体Classical Copula & Progressive Conjunctions: 乃 / 乃至 / 甚至Is indeed (乃 — classical copula) / And even up to (乃至 — scope) / Even (甚至 — degree/action)
「凭/凭借/借助」依据介词Prepositions of Reliance & Means: 凭 / 凭借 / 借助Relying on one's own strength/merit (凭/凭借) vs. With the aid of external tools/help (借助)
「加以/予以」处置结构Formal Disposal & Official Action Verbs: 加以 / 予以 + Disyllabic VProceed to [V] / Subject to [V] (加以 + V) vs. Grant / Accord / Impose [V] (予以 + V)
「莫/莫不/莫非」否定反问Classical Negation & Rhetorical Conjecture: 莫 / 莫不 / 莫非 / 勿Do not (莫/勿), none who do not = everyone (莫不), could it be that...? (莫非)
何乐而不为 / 谈何容易Rhetorical Idioms "何乐而不为 / 谈何容易"Why not gladly do it? / Easier said than done
所谓 / 之所以 / 所…者Structures with 所: "所谓 / 之所以 / 所…者"So-called / The reason why... is because / Those who...
纵使 / 纵然 / 即便 / 哪怕Concessive Conjunctions "纵使 / 纵然 / 即便 / 哪怕"Even if, even though, even if only
实在 / 着实 / 委实 / 确实Affirming & Intensifying Adverbs "实在 / 着实 / 委实 / 确实"Indeed, truly, genuinely, really
状语前置（在…下 / 唯有… / 如此一来）Fronted Adverbials for Emphasis & CohesionPlacing adverbials before the subject for emphasis
颇具 / 颇有 / 颇为 / 极具Formal Collocations "颇具 / 颇有 / 颇为 / 极具"Quite possess / Have considerable / Quite / Highly possess
至于 / 关于 / 对于 / 就…而言Topic & Scope Prepositions "至于 / 关于 / 对于 / 就…而言"As for / Regarding / Toward (for) / In terms of...
自…以来 / 自从…以来The Temporal Frame "自…以来 / 自从…以来" (Since...)Since (a past point up to the present)

HSK Grammar · HSK 2.054 grammar points

HSK 4 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

并且并且 (bìngqiě) – and, moreover, besidesand, moreover, besides
然而然而 (rán'ér) – however, yethowever, yet
否则否则 (fǒuzé) – otherwise, or elseotherwise, or else
无论……都……无论……都…… (wúlùn……dōu……) – regardless of … (still) …regardless of … (still) …
因此因此 (yīncǐ) – therefore, hencetherefore, hence
究竟究竟 (jiūjìng) – exactly, after all (in questions)exactly, after all (in questions)
以……为……以……为…… (yǐ……wéi……) – take … as …take … as …
使使 (shǐ) – make, cause (someone to …)make, cause (someone to …)
在于在于 (zàiyú) – lie in, depend onlie in, depend on
首先……其次……首先……其次…… (shǒuxiān……qícì……) – first … second / next …first … second / next …
为了……而……为了……而…… (wèile……ér……) – (do …) for the sake of …(do …) for the sake of …
除此以外除此以外 (chú cǐ yǐwài) – apart from this, besidesapart from this, besides

HSK 5 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

以来以来 (yǐlái) – since (then until now)since (then until now)
临临 (lín) – just before, on the point ofjust before, on the point of
至今至今 (zhìjīn) – until now, to this dayuntil now, to this day
便便 (biàn) – then, at once (written form of 就)

HSK 6 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

致使致使 (zhìshǐ) – cause, result in (bad outcome)cause, result in (bad outcome)
加以加以 (jiāyǐ) – to apply, give (treatment to)to apply, give (treatment to)
过于过于 (guòyú) – excessively, tooexcessively, too
即将即将 (jíjiāng) – about to, soon to

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then, at once (written form of 就)

即即 (jí) – namely; at once (written)namely; at once (written)

勿勿 (wù) – do not (written prohibition)do not (written prohibition)

从而从而 (cóng'ér) – thus, therebythus, thereby

以及以及 (yǐjí) – as well as, and alsoas well as, and also

于于 (yú) – at, in, from, to, than (written)at, in, from, to, than (written)

为……所为……所 (wéi…suǒ) – be … by (written passive)be … by (written passive)

以以 (yǐ) – with, by means of; in order towith, by means of; in order to

如何如何 (rúhé) – how, in what wayhow, in what way

为为 (wéi) – become; act as, be regarded asbecome; act as, be regarded as

极其极其 (jíqí) – extremelyextremely

所谓所谓 (suǒwèi) – so-called, what is calledso-called, what is called

则则 (zé) – while, whereas; then (written)while, whereas; then (written)

般般 (bān) – like, -like (written)like, -like (written)

则则 (zé) – measure word for news items, short storiesmeasure word for news items, short stories

某某 (mǒu) – a certain, somea certain, some

about to, soon to

屡次屡次 (lǚcì) – repeatedly, time and againrepeatedly, time and again

日益 / 越来越日益 / 越来越 (rìyì / yuèláiyuè) – increasingly (written vs. spoken)increasingly (written vs. spoken)

逐逐 (zhú) – one by one, graduallyone by one, gradually

一并一并 (yíbìng) – together, all at oncetogether, all at once

无不无不 (wúbù) – without exception, allwithout exception, all

并非并非 (bìngfēi) – is by no means, is not actuallyis by no means, is not actually

务必务必 (wùbì) – must, be sure tomust, be sure to

尚未尚未 (shàngwèi) – not yetnot yet

而已而已 (éryǐ) – that's all, merelythat's all, merely

固然固然 (gùrán) – admittedly, it's true that … (but)admittedly, it's true that … (but)

反之反之 (fǎnzhī) – conversely, on the contraryconversely, on the contrary

尚且尚且 (shàngqiě) – even … (let alone)even … (let alone)

本着本着 (běnzhe) – in line with, in the spirit ofin line with, in the spirit of

对……而言对……而言 (duì……ér yán) – as far as … is concerned, for …as far as … is concerned, for …

以……为……以……为…… (yǐ……wéi……) – take … as …, regard … as …take … as …, regard … as …

甲乙丙丁甲乙丙丁 (jiǎ yǐ bǐng dīng) – A, B, C, D (ordinal labels)A, B, C, D (ordinal labels)

一经一经 (yìjīng) – once (…, then immediately)once (…, then immediately)

归根到底归根到底 (guīgēn dàodǐ) – in the final analysis, ultimatelyin the final analysis, ultimately

愈……愈……愈……愈…… (yù……yù……) – the more … the more …the more … the more …