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Meaning: Even if, even though, even if only
纵使千难万险,也要勇往直前。
Zòngshǐ qiān nán wàn xiǎn, yě yào yǒngwǎngzhíqián.
Even in the face of untold hardships and dangers, we must march bravely forward.
即便他不来,我们也照常进行。
Jíbiàn tā bù lái, wǒmen yě zhàocháng jìnxíng.
Even if he does not come, we will proceed as usual.
哪怕只有一线希望,也不能放弃。
Nǎpà zhǐyǒu yīxiàn xīwàng, yě bùnéng fàngqì.
Even if there is only a glimmer of hope, we must not give up.
•The main clause following 纵使 / 纵然 / 即便 / 哪怕 must include 也 or 都 for correlation; 纵使/纵然 are highly literary, while 哪怕 highlights an extreme or minimal hypothetical case.
⚠️ Common Mistakes:
•Omitting 也 or 都 in the main clause — the correlative adverb is mandatory in Chinese concessive sentences.
•Using 纵使 or 纵然 in casual everyday conversation — they sound overly poetic and formal.
•Failing to distinguish 哪怕 from 即便 — 哪怕 specifically highlights an extreme minimum ("even if only a tiny bit").
•Using 任凭 without a matching 也 / 都
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纵然条件再差,他也坚持完成研究。
Zòngrán tiáojiàn zài chà, tā yě jiānchí wánchéng yánjiū.
Even though the conditions were ever so poor, he persisted in completing the research.
