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Chinese Reading Practice HSK 1–6

78 graded passages with Pinyin, audio & quizzes

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Phrases by situation, with pinyin & audio

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Learn words through real-life situations

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Chinese Grammar: "conjunctions" | HaoHSK

HSK Grammar/#conjunctions

#conjunctions

111 grammar points related to "conjunctions", organised by HSK 3.0 and HSK 2.0 level.

HSK Grammar · HSK 3.057 grammar points

HSK 2 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

跟Prepositions 跟 (gēn) and 和 (hé) – With, AndPrepositions indicating partner in action
因为…所以…Conjunction Pair 因为…所以… (yīnwèi…suǒyǐ…) – Because… Therefore…Conjunction pair expressing cause and effect
虽然…但是…Conjunction Pair 虽然…但是… (suīrán…dànshì…) – Although… Yet / But…Conjunction pair expressing concession and contrast

Related topics

written style
conditions
progression
cause & effect
contrast
concession
fixed structures
choice

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一边…一边…Correlative Structure 一边…一边… (yìbiān…yìbiān…) – SimultaneouslyStructure indicating two actions performed simultaneously
又…又…Correlative Structure 又…又… (yòu…yòu…) – Both… And…Structure expressing two coexisting attributes
一…就…Correlative Structure 一…就… (yī...jiù...) – As Soon AsStructure indicating immediate succession of two actions
如果…就…Conditional Conjunction 如果…就… (rúguǒ…jiù…) – If… Then…Hypothetical conditional pair meaning if then
只要…就…Conditional Conjunction 只要…就… (zhǐyào...jiù...) – As Long AsConjunction pair expressing sufficient condition
不但…而且…Correlative conjunction 不但…而且… (not only... but also...)Not only... but also...
虽然…但是…Concessive conjunction 虽然…但是… (although... yet...)Although / even though... (yet/but)...

HSK 4 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

不但…而且…Structure 不但…而且… (bùdàn... érqiě...): Not only... but also...Not only... but also... (progressive relation)
尽管…还是…Structure 尽管…还是… (jǐnguǎn... háishi...): Even though... still...Even though... still... (strong concession)
不管…都/也…Structure 不管…都/也… (bùguǎn... dōu/yě...): No matter... still/always...No matter... always/still... (unconditional)
无论…都/也…Structure 无论…都/也… (wúlùn... dōu/yě...): Regardless of... always...Regardless of... always... (formal version of 不管)
即使…也…Structure 即使…也… (jíshǐ... yě...): Even if... still...Even if... still... (hypothetical concession)
既然…就…Structure 既然…就… (jìrán... jiù...): Since / Now that... then...Since / Now that... then... (logical inference)
不是…就是…Structure 不是…就是… (bùshì... jiùshì...): Either... or...Either A or B (if not A, then B)
不是…而是…Structure 不是…而是… (bùshì... érshì...): Not... but rather...Not A, but rather B (correction/contrast)
不但不/没…反而…Structure 不但不/没…反而… (bùdàn bù/méi... fǎn'ér...): Not only not... on the contrary...Not only did/does not..., on the contrary...
与其…不如…Structure 与其…不如… (yǔqí... bùrú...): Rather than... it is better to...Rather than A, it is better to B
否则 / 要不然Conjunctions 否则 / 要不然 (fǒuzé / yàoburán): Otherwise / Or else...Otherwise / Or else... (warning of consequence)
只要……就…… / 只有……才……Conditionals 只要...就... and 只有...才... (Sufficient vs Sole Necessary Condition)As long as... then... / Only if... then... (sufficient vs unique condition)

HSK 5 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

之所以…是因为…Structure 之所以……是因为…… – The Reason Why... Is Because...Structure stating result first and cause second
既…又…Correlative Structure 既……又…… – Both... And...Formal correlative pair joining two parallel attributes
一来…二来…Listing Structure 一来……二来…… – First... Second...Correlative pair listing multiple reasons or benefits
与其…不如…Alternative Conjunction 与其……不如…… – Rather Than... It Is Better To...Conjunction pair choosing the better alternative
至于Topic-Shifting Preposition 至于 (zhìyú): As for... (and 不至于: not go so far as to...)As for...; 不至于: not go so far as to...
然而 / 而 / 则Formal Conjunctions 然而 / 而 / 则 (rán'ér / ér / zé): However / While / Whereas然而: however; 而: while/and; 则: whereas/on the other hand
何必 / 何况Rhetorical Adverb 何必 (hébì - why must) and Conjunction 何况 (hékuàng - let alone)何必: why must / no need to; 何况: let alone / much less
一时 vs 一旦Distinguishing 一时 (yīshí - momentarily) and 一旦 (yīdàn - once / in case)一时: for a moment / momentarily; 一旦: once / in case...
甚至 / 甚至于Adverb / Conjunction 甚至 (shènzhì): Even / So much so that...Even, to the point that, so much so that
不仅…而且…Structure 不仅…而且… (bùjǐn... érqiě...): Not only... but also...Not only... but also... (formal progressive)
一方面…另一方面…Structure 一方面…另一方面…: On the one hand... on the other hand...On the one hand..., on the other hand...
就是…也…Hypothetical Concessive Structure 就是…也… (jiùshì... yě...): Even if... still...Even if... still... (colloquial equivalent of 即使…也…)

HSK 6 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

以便Conjunction 以便 (yǐbiàn) – in order to, so as to, so thatso as to, in order that, so that
以免Conjunction 以免 (yǐmiǎn) – so as to avoid, lest, in order not toso as to avoid, lest, in order not to
借以Conjunction 借以 (jièyǐ) – so as to, by way of which, in order thereby toso as thereby to, in order to
倘若 / 假若 / 假使……Formal "If / Supposing": 倘若 / 假若 / 假使If / Supposing / Provided that (formal/literary)
即便 / 纵然 / 哪怕……也……Even if / Even though: 即便 / 纵然 / 哪怕……也……Even if / Even though / No matter how... still...
连词「而」Formal Conjunction: 而 (ér) — And / Yet / In Order ToAnd (coordinating) / Yet, but (adversative) / In order to (purpose with 为…而…)
连词/副词「则」Formal Literary Particle: 则 (zé) — Then / WhereasThen (condition-result) / Whereas, on the other hand (parallel contrast)
乃至 / 以至 / 以至于Even to / Up to / To the Extent That: 乃至 / 以至 / 以至于Even up to (乃至/以至 — ascending scope) vs. To the point that (以至于 — result)
总而言之 / 综上所述 / 总之In Conclusion / To Sum Up: 总而言之 / 综上所述 / 总之In short (总之) / In a word (总而言之) / To sum up the above (综上所述)
据此 / 由此 / 由此可见Based on This / From This / Thus It Can Be Seen: 据此 / 由此 / 由此可见Based on this (据此) / From this (由此) / Thus it can be seen (由此可见)
莫如 / 不如 / 与其……不如……Rather Than A, Better to B: 莫如 / 不如 / 与其……不如……Rather than A, it would be better to B (recommending option B over A)
一来……二来……Firstly... Secondly... (Listing Reasons): 一来……二来……Firstly..., secondly... (listing parallel reasons or purposes)

HSK 7-9 Grammar (HSK 3.0)

而Classical Conjunction: 而 (ér) – Coordination, Contrast & Compound ConnectorsVersatile classical conjunction connecting adjectives, verb phrases, or clauses in formal prose
久而久之/总之/反之/换言之Discourse Formulae with 之: 久而久之, 总之, 反之, 换言之System of crystallized idiomatic connectors containing classical 之 for argumentative transitions
万一/倘若/假使/设若Formal Hypothetical Conjunctions: 万一, 倘若, 假使, 设若Just in case / Provided that / Supposing that
鉴于Formal Causal Conjunction "鉴于" (In View Of / Given That)In view of / Given that / Considering
以致/以至/以至于Result & Degree Conjunctions: 以致, 以至, 以至于 (So Much So That)With the bad result that / To the extent that
进而/从而Progressive vs. Consecutive Conjunctions: 进而 vs. 从而And then go on to / Thereby (as a result)
并列结构「既…又/时而…时而」Coexistence vs. Alternation: 既…又… / 时而…时而… / 一会儿…一会儿…Both A and B (既…又…) / At times A, at times B (时而…时而… / 一会儿…一会儿…)
「否则/不然/要不然」Otherwise / Or Else: 否则 / 不然 / 要不然Otherwise / Or else (否则 formal; 不然 neutral; 要不然 colloquial/suggestive)
「乃/乃至/甚至」递进文体Classical Copula & Progressive Conjunctions: 乃 / 乃至 / 甚至Is indeed (乃 — classical copula) / And even up to (乃至 — scope) / Even (甚至 — degree/action)
纵使 / 纵然 / 即便 / 哪怕Concessive Conjunctions "纵使 / 纵然 / 即便 / 哪怕"Even if, even though, even if only
一来…二来 / 一则…二则 / 一方面…另一方面Parallel Reason & Aspect Connectors "一来…二来 / 一则…二则 / 一方面…另一方面"First... second (for reasons) / On one hand... on the other

HSK Grammar · HSK 2.054 grammar points

HSK 1 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

和Conjunction 和 (hé) - Connecting Coordinate Words and PhrasesAnd / With (conjunction linking equivalent nouns)

HSK 2 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

因为……所以……Conjunction 因为……所以……Because... therefore...
虽然……但是……Conjunction 虽然……但是……Although... but...

HSK 3 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

又……又……Structure: 又……又…… (Both... and...)Indicates that two qualities, characteristics, or actions exist simultaneously in the same subject.
如果……就……Structure: 如果……(的话)，就…… (If..., Then...)Presents a hypothetical condition in the first clause and the resulting outcome in the second.
只要……就……Structure: 只要……，就…… (As Long As...)Expresses a sufficient condition: as long as the condition is met, the desired outcome will naturally follow.
只有……才……

HSK 4 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

不仅……而且……不仅……而且…… (bùjǐn……érqiě……) – not only … but also …not only … but also …
另外另外 (lìngwài) – in addition; other; separatelyin addition; other; separately
再说再说 (zàishuō) – besides; deal with it laterbesides; deal with it later
并且并且 (bìngqiě) – and, moreover, besides

HSK 5 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

从此从此 (cóngcǐ) – from then on, ever sincefrom then on, ever since
一旦一旦 (yídàn) – once, as soon as (if ever)once, as soon as (if ever)
从而从而 (cóng'ér) – thus, therebythus, thereby
何况何况 (hékuàng) – let alone, much less

HSK 6 Grammar (HSK 2.0)

不料不料 (búliào) – unexpectedly, to one's surpriseunexpectedly, to one's surprise
固然固然 (gùrán) – admittedly, it's true that … (but)admittedly, it's true that … (but)
即便即便 (jíbiàn) – even ifeven if
以免以免 (yǐmiǎn) – so as to avoid, lest

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Structure: 只有……，才…… (Only If... Can...)Expresses a sole necessary condition: only if this unique condition is met can the result occur.

还是 / 或者 · 又 / 再Distinguishing Pairs: 还是 vs 或者 & 又 vs 再1. 还是 is used in interrogative choices; 或者 is used in declarative statements. 2. 又 denotes past repetition; 再 denotes future repetition.

那 / 关于Inferential Conjunction 那 (nà) & Topic Preposition 关于 (guānyú)1. 那 (in that case / then): links thoughts, drawing a conclusion from prior information. 2. 关于 (about / concerning): introduces a topic or scope.

and, moreover, besides

即使……也……即使……也…… (jíshǐ……yě……) – even if … still …even if … still …

尽管尽管 (jǐnguǎn) – although; feel free toalthough; feel free to

可是可是 (kěshì) – but, howeverbut, however

然而然而 (rán'ér) – however, yethowever, yet

相反相反 (xiāngfǎn) – opposite; on the contraryopposite; on the contrary

要是……就……要是……就…… (yàoshi……jiù……) – if … then …if … then …

否则否则 (fǒuzé) – otherwise, or elseotherwise, or else

不管……都……不管……都…… (bùguǎn……dōu……) – no matter … (still) …no matter … (still) …

无论……都……无论……都…… (wúlùn……dōu……) – regardless of … (still) …regardless of … (still) …

因此因此 (yīncǐ) – therefore, hencetherefore, hence

由于由于 (yóuyú) – due to, owing to, becausedue to, owing to, because

既然……就……既然……就…… (jìrán……jiù……) – since … (then) …since … (then) …

于是于是 (yúshì) – so, thereuponso, thereupon

结果结果 (jiéguǒ) – result; as a result, in the endresult; as a result, in the end

同时同时 (tóngshí) – at the same time, meanwhileat the same time, meanwhile

甚至甚至 (shènzhì) – even, so much so thateven, so much so that

既……又……既……又…… (jì……yòu……) – both … and …both … and …

首先……其次……首先……其次…… (shǒuxiān……qícì……) – first … second / next …first … second / next …

为了……而……为了……而…… (wèile……ér……) – (do …) for the sake of …(do …) for the sake of …

除此以外除此以外 (chú cǐ yǐwài) – apart from this, besidesapart from this, besides

总的来说总的来说 (zǒng de láishuō) – overall, all in alloverall, all in all

let alone, much less

以及以及 (yǐjí) – as well as, and alsoas well as, and also

要不要不 (yàobù) – otherwise; or else, how aboutotherwise; or else, how about

可见可见 (kějiàn) – it can be seen that, evidentlyit can be seen that, evidently

与其……不如与其……不如 (yǔqí…bùrú) – rather than … better to …rather than … better to …

除非除非 (chúfēi) – unless, only ifunless, only if

万一万一 (wànyī) – in case, just in casein case, just in case

至于至于 (zhìyú) – as for; go so far as toas for; go so far as to

则则 (zé) – while, whereas; then (written)while, whereas; then (written)

so as to avoid, lest

哪怕哪怕 (nǎpà) – even if, even thougheven if, even though

反之反之 (fǎnzhī) – conversely, on the contraryconversely, on the contrary

尚且尚且 (shàngqiě) – even … (let alone)even … (let alone)

别说别说 (biéshuō) – let alone, not to mentionlet alone, not to mention